The Polish Navy is currently moving from a fleet largely composed of aging, Cold War-era vessels to a modern force designed to address contemporary security challenges in the Baltic Sea. This modernization is driven by the escalating threat from Russia and the growing strategic importance of Poland's maritime domain for its economy and national security. For years, the navy has been a lower investment priority compared to land and air forces, resulting in a small and technologically dated fleet. Key surface combatants include two former US Navy Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigates acquired in the early 2000s and a single, often-repaired Soviet-era Kilo-class submarine, ORP *Orzeł*.
Poland's current naval capabilities are centered on littoral warfare. The country has made significant strides in mine countermeasures with the introduction of modern Kormoran II-class vessels, which are considered highly effective. Another key strength is the land-based Naval Missile Unit, equipped with Norwegian Naval Strike Missiles (NSM) that create an anti-access/area denial (A2/AD) bubble in the southern Baltic. However, capabilities for anti-submarine warfare and comprehensive air defense at sea are currently limited due to the age of the primary combatants.
The nation's maritime strategy is increasingly focused on protecting critical infrastructure, such as gas pipelines and future offshore wind farms, and ensuring the security of its sea lines of communication. These ports are vital for the Polish economy and for receiving allied military support. The strategy addresses the rise of hybrid warfare tactics, including the activities of a Russian "shadow fleet" near critical underwater infrastructure. In response, Poland is investing in unmanned surveillance platforms.
The centerpiece of the Navy's modernization is the "Miecznik" program, which involves the construction of three multi-role frigates based on the British Arrowhead 140 design. These 7,000-tonne warships will represent a significant leap in capability, equipped with Mk 41 vertical launching systems for air defense missiles and anti-ship missiles, allowing for effective integration with NATO forces. The first frigate, ORP *Wicher*, is under construction, with all three slated to enter service by 2034. Another critical, albeit troubled, initiative is the "Orka" submarine program, which aims to replace the sole Kilo-class boat with new submarines, potentially armed with cruise missiles. This program is deemed essential for creating a credible deterrent but has faced significant delays. Polish shipbuilding is also being revitalized through these programs, with an emphasis on technology transfer and local construction at modernized shipyards.
The operational reach of the Polish Navy is currently confined primarily to the Baltic Sea. While the existing fleet can participate in NATO's Baltic operations, its ability to project power further is limited. The introduction of the *Miecznik*-class frigates, with their 30-day endurance and significant range, will enhance the navy's ability to operate more effectively with allies beyond its immediate coastal waters.
